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The , or , refers to the in general use until orthographic reforms after World War II; the current orthography was adopted by Cabinet order in 1946. By that point the historical orthography was no longer in accord with Japanese pronunciation. It differs from modern usage ''(Gendai Kanazukai)'' in the number of characters and the way those characters are used. The historical orthography is found in most Japanese dictionaries, such as ''Kōjien.'' In the current edition of the ''Kōjien,'' if the historical orthography is different from the modern spelling, the old spelling is printed in tiny katakana between the modern kana and kanji transcriptions of the word. Ellipses are used to save space when the historical and modern spellings are identical. Older editions of the ''Kōjien'' gave priority to the historical orthography. The historical orthography should not be confused with ''hentaigana,'' alternate kana that were declared obsolete with the orthographic reforms of 1900. ==General differences== :''This section uses Nihon-shiki romanization for ''づ'', ''ず'', ''ぢ'', ''じ'', ''ゐ'', and ''ゑ''.'' In historical kana usage: * Two kana are used that are obsolete today: ゐ/ヰ ''wi'' and ゑ/ヱ ''we''. These are today read as ''i'' and ''e''. Words that formerly contained those characters are now written using い/イ ''i'' and え/エ ''e'' respectively. * Outside of its use as a particle, the を ''wo'' kana is used to represent the ''o'' sound in some, but not all, words. * Yōon sounds, such as しょう ''shō'' or きょう ''kyō'', are not written with a small kana (ゃ, ゅ, ょ); depending on the word, they are written with either two or three full-sized kana. If written with two kana and the last one is や ''ya'', ゆ ''yu'', or よ ''yo'', then it represents a short syllable of one mora, such as きよ ''kyo''. If written with two or three kana and the last one is う ''u'' or ふ ''fu'', then it represents a long syllable of two moras. The first kana is not always the same as one used in the modern spelling, as in 今日 ''kyō'' "today", written けふ ''kefu''. If written with three kana, the middle one will always be や ''ya'', ゆ ''yu'', or よ ''yo'', and the last kana will always be う ''u'' or ふ ''fu'', as in 丁 ''chō'', the counter for tools, guns, etc., written ちやう ''chiyau''. * The series of kana ''ha'' ''hi'' ''fu'' ''he'' ''ho'' are used to represent, in some words, the sounds ''wa'', ''i'', ''u'', ''e'', ''o'', respectively. * Precedence is given to grammar over pronunciation. For example, the verb ''warau'' (to laugh), is written わらふ ''warafu'', and in accordance with Japanese grammar rules, ''waraō'', the volitional form of ''warau'', is written わらはう ''warahau''. * The kana づ ''dzu'' and ぢ ''dji'', which are mostly only used in rendaku in modern kana usage, are more common. Modern kana usage replaces them with the identically-pronounced ず ''zu'' and じ ''ji'' in most cases. For example, ''ajisai'' (hydrangea) is written あぢさゐ ''adjisawi''. Most of the historical kana usage has been found to accurately represent certain aspects of the way words sounded during the Heian period. As the spoken language has continued to develop, some orthography looks odd to the modern eye. As these peculiarities follow fairly regular patterns, they are not difficult to learn. However, some of the historical kana usages are simply mistakes. For example, : ''aruiwa'' (or) might be found written incorrectly as: or : ''mochiiru'' (use) might be found written incorrectly as: : ''tsukue'' (desk, table) might be found written incorrectly as: : ''ebisu'' (barbarian, savage) might be found written incorrectly as: ,〔Iwanami kogo jiten ISBN 4-00-080073-6 or any other classical Japanese dictionary〕 according to the old pronunciations. Some forms of unusual kana usage are not, in fact, historical kana usage. For example, writing ''dojō'' (loach, a sardine-like fish) in the form ''dozeu'' is not historical kana usage (which was ''dodjiyau''), but a kind of slang writing originating in the Edo period. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Historical kana orthography」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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